Can we fix it?
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)
Neural basis of sensation
The visual system- Sensory transduction
Neural basis of sensation
Topographical arrangement in the cortex
The somatosensory “homunculus”
The central nervous system
H.M. – a case of Anterograde amnesia
H.M. – a case of Anterograde amnesia
The cells of the CNS
Our Discovery: Protective Platforms
A father of Neuroscience
The Neuron anatomy
The neuron as a calculator
The synapse
Action potential
Action potential
Neuronal networks - summary
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
Neurotransmitters – Amino Acids
Neurotransmitters – Acetylcholine (Ach)
Neurotransmitters - Dopamine
Neurotransmitters – others
Summary
13.81M
Категория: БиологияБиология

Brain basics

1.

‫‪Chapter 1 – Brain Basics‬‬
‫פותחים שער למוח‬
‫פרופ' גוזס‬
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬

2. Can we fix it?

Imagine your brain as a large rail transportation
system and your 100 billion nerve cells = trains, while
your brain “support cells”, are the train tracks
Now imagine disruption in
connectivity … (~100 trillion
points of connection)…..
Can we fix it?

3.

Chapter 1- Brain Basics
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
OUTLINE
• Central and peripheral nervous system.
• Anatomy and function.
• Signal transmission in the neuron- action potential
and the synapse.
• Neurotransmitters- types and function in health and
disease.

4. Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)

Structure
Central Nervous System (CNS)–
• Brain
• Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)• Sensory neurons
• Motor neurons
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬

5. Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)

Function
Sensing the environment
Information processing
Decision making
Action execution
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬

6.

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html

7. Neural basis of sensation

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
Sensory information is transduced by receptors
Physical
energy:
Receptor
type:
Sound
Light
(Photons)
(Audible variations in air pressure)
Photoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Chemical molecules
Chemoreceptors
Mixed
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors

8. The visual system- Sensory transduction

Light
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
We actually see the world upside
down!
The woman who sees upside dow
n
The upside down experiment
An official sanctioned event of the International BrainBee©, all rights reserved

9.

Linda Buck and Richard Axel:
Nobel Prize, olfaction
Nobel
Prize
2004

10.

http://www.bing.com/videos/search?
q=hair+cell+youtube&FORM=VIRE9#view=detail&mid=EFA77986F28063316B74EFA
77986F28063316B74

11. Neural basis of sensation

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
1. Sensory information is transduced by receptors
2. Pathways: The information travels from receptors
to ganglion cells to the thalamus- the entry gate
to the cortex

12. Topographical arrangement in the cortex

The Visual system
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
Topographical arrangement in the
cortex
Nobel
Prize
1981

13.

Penfield in 1934
Born
(1891-01-26)January 26,
1891
Spokane, Washington,
United States
Died
April 5, 1976(1976-04-05)
(aged 85)
Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
Fields
Neurosurgery
Institutions
Montreal Neurological Inst
itute
Princeton University
Merton College, Oxford
Johns Hopkins School of M
edicine
Alma mater
Known for
•Prompting memory recall
during surgery via
temporal lobe stimulation
•Treatment of epilepsy by
surgery
•Montreal procedure
•Penfield dissector
Notable awards
Flavelle Medal (1951)
Wilder Penfield

14. The somatosensory “homunculus”

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
The somatosensory “homunculus”
Phantom limbs
The cortical homunculus is a visual
representation of the concept of
"the body within the brain”.
Great example for topographical
organization of information!

15. The central nervous system

Motor cortex
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
Sensory cortex
Frontal cortex
Parietal lobe
Occipital
lobe
Temporal lobe
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Forebrain
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Midbrain
Hindbrain
cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
Oblongata
Spinal cord

16. H.M. – a case of Anterograde amnesia

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
H.M. – a case of Anterograde amnesia
• The hippocampus and
parahippocampal region of H.M
were removed
• Anterograde amnesia
• These areas are crucial for
formation and consolidation of
long-term memories about
facts and events
Brenda Milner, Dan David
Prize 2014
Henry Molaison
(1926 –2008)

17. H.M. – a case of Anterograde amnesia

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
H.M. – a case of Anterograde amnesia

18. The cells of the CNS

• Neurons
• Glia cells
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬

19. Our Discovery: Protective Platforms

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
Our Discovery: Protective Platforms
Bassan M, Zamostiano R, Davidson A,
Pinhasov A, Giladi E, Perl O, Bassan H,
Blat C, Gibney G, Glazner G,
Brenneman DE, Gozes I (1999)
Complete sequence of a novel protein
containing a femtomolar-activitydependent neuroprotective peptide. J
Neurochem 72:1283-1293.
Neuropeptides
Disease
Injury
Brenneman DE, Gozes I (1996) A
femtomolar-acting neuroprotective peptide.
J Clin Invest 97:2299-2307.
Brain support cell-derived protectants
Activity-Dependent
Neuroprotective Protein
Activity-Dependent
Neurotrophic Factor
NAPVSIPQ
SALLRSIPA
ADNP platform
Davunetide; NAP; D-NAP
Dementia/Cognitive impairment
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
disease, schizophrenia
ADNF platform
D-SAL; AL-309 (9 a.a.)
SAL; AL-209 (9 a.a.)
Neuropathies

20. A father of Neuroscience

Santiago Ramon y Cajal
Nobel
Prize
1906
~1900
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
~2000

21. The Neuron anatomy

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
The Neuron anatomy
• 100 billion neurons in the
human brain!
Direction of the
impulse
Dendrites
Myelin
Axon
Axon terminal

22. The neuron as a calculator

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
Dendrites
Axon
Axon terminal
A dendrite may receive positive (“excitatory”) or negative (“inhibitory”)
signals from one, a few, or even thousands of other neurons.
The neuron acts a calculator adding all the signals and if they pass a certain
level an electrical impulse (action potential) passes through the axon.

23. The synapse

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
The synapse
• 20 nanometer wide.
• The synapse is where the
electrical impulse is
converted to chemical
transmission through a
neurotransmitter.
• The presynaptic neuron
secretes the
neurotransmitter .
• On the post synaptic
neuron there are receptors
for dozens of
neurotransmitters.
Presynaptic neuron
Vesicles
Receptors
Postsynaptic neuron

24.

The NAP-Motif of
Activity-Dependent
Neuroprotective Protein
(ADNP) Regulates
Dendritic Spines through
Microtubule End Binding
(EB) Proteins
Synapse Formation
+NAP
NMDAR
NMDAR
NAP/ADNP:
increases synaptic
connections
through EB (green)
P
P
Src/Fyn
TAU
p140Cap (SIP)
CLASP2 (SxIP)
APC
APC2
EB3
EB3
APC2 (SSIP)
EB3/1 EB3+1 EB3
Drebrin
NAP
ADNP (SIP)
Microtubule
Microtubule
Oz S, Kapitansky O, Ivashco-Pachima Y,
Malishkevich A, Giladi E, Skalka N, RosinArbesfeld R, Mittelman L, Sege O, Hirsch
JA and Gozes I.
The NAP-Motif of Activity-Dependent
Neuroprotective Protein (ADNP) Regulates
Dendritic Spines through Microtubule End
Binding Proteins
Mol Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;19(10):1115-24.
‫מהמעבדה של‬
‫פרופ גוזס‬
“Molecules that make our minds”

25. Action potential

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
Hodgkin and Huxley
They used the “giant axon” of the squid to
discover the mechanism of transmission.
Nobel
Prize
1963

26. Action potential


Ion- an atom or molecule with
positive or negative charge.
Action potential is generated by
movement of sodium (Na+) and
potassium (K+) through channels
on the membrane of the neuron.
An official sanctioned event of the International BrainBee ©, all rights reserved
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬

27. Neuronal networks - summary

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
Source: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/molecular-mechanism-synaptic-function

28. Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
• Modulators of brain function.
• Types.
• Researchers learn about their function from disease
and drug function.

29. Neurotransmitters – Amino Acids

Glutamate
Aspartate
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
GABA
Glycine

30. Neurotransmitters – Acetylcholine (Ach)

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
Neurotransmitters – Acetylcholine
(Ach)
Ach in the PNS
Ach in neuromuscular
junctions activates muscle
contraction
Ach in the CNS
complex roles such asattention, memory,
and sleep.
Ronald Reagan
In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Loss of Ach
neurons in
neuromuscular
junctions lead to
severe paralysis
and death.
Treatment
Lou Gehrig
Stephen Hawking
In Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Healthy
Loss of Ach neurons in Brain
the brain and lead to
memory loss,
disorientation and loss
of intellectual
functions.
AD
Brain
Drugs that
inhibit Ach
breakdown
in the
synapse.

31. Neurotransmitters - Dopamine

In Health and disease
Dopamine is important
for motor coordination
Michael J Fox
Dopamine is important for
cognition and emotion
John Nash
from the film “A Beautiful Mind”
In Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
loss of dopaminergic
neurons in the
substancia nigra- causes
tremor, and inability to
move.
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
Treatment
Levodopa- treatment for
PD. Increasing dopamine.
In overdose, causes
hallucinations.
Cocaine, “crystal meth”
and ecstasy – increase
dopamine and cause
hallucinations.
In Schizophrenia
Dysfunction in these
circuits is linked to
schizophrenia “positive
symptoms”hallucinations and
delusions
1st generation antipsychotic drugs block
dopamine .

32. Neurotransmitters – others


Serotonin
Peptides
Trophic factors
Hormones
Gases
Lipid messengers
‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬

33. Summary

‫כלים‬
‫שלובים‬
• Central and peripheral nervous system.
• Anatomy and function.
• Signal transmission in the neuron- action potential
and the synapse.
• Neurotransmitters- types and function in health and
disease.

34.

‫פרופ' אילנה גוזס‬
‫החוג לגנטיקה מולקולרית של האדם ולביוכימיה‬
‫רפואה‬
‫ביחד עם‪:‬‬
‫ד"ר לידיה גביס‬
‫מנהלת המכון להתפתחות הילד ע"ש ויינברג‬
‫בי"ח לילדים ע"ש אדמונד ולילי ספרא‬
‫שיבא תל השומר‬
‫רפואה‬
‫פרופ' דניאל אופן‬
‫מכון פלזנשטיין‬
‫החוג לגנטיקה מולקולרית של האדם ולביוכימיה‬
‫רפואה‬
‫הקורס יגדיר את המוח ותפקידיו ויתמקד במחלות המוח החל במחלות הפוגעות‬
‫בעובר המתפתח‪ ,‬דרך מחלות של גיל הנעורים וההתבגרות וכלה במחלות זקנה‪.‬‬
‫הקורס יקנה מבט נרחב על התאים המרכיבים את המוח והגנים שחוברים יחדיו‬
‫לוויסות פעילותו‪ .‬שיטות אבחון ושיטות לפיתוח תרופות יידונו גם כן‪.‬‬
‫חובת השתתפות ב‪ 80%‬מהשיעורים‬

35.

.‫ התפתחות תקינה וליקויים בהתפתחות המוח מהעובר ועד סוף גיל ההתבגרות‬-‫• המוח הגדל ומתפתח‬
"The highest activities of consciousness have their origins in physical occurrences of the brain, just
as the loveliest melodies are not too sublime to be expressed by notes" W. Somerset Maugham
‫ אזורים פרא פרונטאלים כ"מנהלים" של תפקודי קשב ואישיות ומה קורה‬-‫• תפקודים ניהוליים של המוח‬
‫ מהפרעות אישיות ועד הפרעות קשב וריכוז‬-‫כש"המנהל" לא מצליח בעבודתו‬
"Everybody is a genius but if you judge a fish by his ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life
believing that it is stupid" Albert Einstein
‫ הונחל המונח "זיכרון" כדי לתאר את מאגר‬1940 ‫ מאז פיתוח המחשב סביב‬-‫•זיכרון ותהליכי עיבוד מידע‬
‫ האם אכן כך? כיצד הזיכרונות שלנו נשמרים ונשלפים? מה גבולות‬.‫המידע שניתן לשלוף ממחשב‬
"‫"הדאטבייס" שלנו? בין שכחה ל"מחלת שכחה‬
“Rabbit's clever," said Pooh thoughtfully.
"Yes," said Piglet, "Rabbit's clever."
"And he has Brain."
"Yes," said Piglet, "Rabbit has Brain."
There was a long silence.
"I suppose," said Pooh, "that that's why he never understands anything.”
― A.A. Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh
?‫•מחלת אלצהיימר ומחלת פרקינסון – מהן המחלות ומהם הטיפולים – לאן פנינו‬
orphan diseases ‫•מחלות מוח נדירות‬
‫•פיתוח אמצעי טיפול חדשים‬

36.

‫סדר הרצאות‪:‬‬
‫‪ [1‬פותחים שער למוח )פרופ' גוזס(‬
‫‪ [2‬התפתחות המוח וליקויים בהתפתחות )ד"ר גביס(‬
‫‪ [3‬תפקוד המוח בניהול )ד"ר גביס(‬
‫‪ [4‬תפקוד המוח בזיכרון )ד"ר גביס(‬
‫‪ [5‬המוח הרגשי והחושים )פרופסור גוזס(‬
‫‪ [7‬תפקוד המוח בתנועה – מחלת פרקינסון )פרופ' אופן(‬
‫‪ [8‬מחלות מוח נדירות‪ :‬מחלת הנטיגטון )פרופ‪ ,‬אופן(‬
‫‪ [9‬מחלות מוח נדירות – ‪ ALS‬ורפוי תאי וגנטי )פרופ' אופן(‬
‫‪ [10‬מחלות מוח נדירות ‪ ALS‬ודמנציה‪ :‬טיפול תרופתי? )פרופ' גוזס(‬
‫‪ [11‬סכיזופרניה – מנגנונים נבחרים וגנטיקה )פרופ' גוזס(‬
‫‪ [ 12‬מחלת אלצהיימר – וסיכום – אתם שואלים והמומחים עונים )פרופ' גוזס(‬
‫‪ [13‬מבחן בכיתה‬
‫‪http://www.brainfacts.org/‬‬
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