Principles of Organisation and Management

1. Principles of Organisation and Management Jeff Williams-Jones

ASB 2104 Principles of Organisation
and Management
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2. Learning Outcomes

• Improve critical analysis of POM theories & concepts;+…
– Challenge orthodox assumptions about reality of work organisations
and management;
– Critically evaluate changing role of management, and implications for
organisational behaviour;
– Analyse factors influencing structure of organisations, and implications
for management strategy and employee behaviour;
– Understand key concepts like conflict, control, bureaucracy, power;
– Recognize ‘big picture’ external context shaping organisations;
– Apply practical organisational examples.
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3. Module content:

1. Work organisations & management, the nature of work;
2. Theories of work organisations & management;
3. Film documentary;
4. The external environment/context;
5. organisation structure;
6. Technology at work;
7. Reading/assignment week-NO LECTURE!
8. Employee motivation;
9. organisational culture;
10. Workplace conflict;
11. Course review/exam preparation.
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4. Module assessment

• 1st Coursework assignment (40%):
– 2000 word essay (excluding bibliography)
– Submit electronically (via Blackboard Turnitin) by….
– 4.00pm Tuesday 15 November 2017 PLUS hard paper copy to School
administration centre (?)
• January exam (60%).
• Students who show evidence of critical analysis of academic
literature, and illustrate this with practical examples, are more
likely to achieve good grades.
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5. Other details

• Contact details:
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Jeff Williams-Jones
07966 256565
Student Office Hours: None. E-mail or text me for an appointment
Email: [email protected]
• Lectures: weeks 1-6, 8-11, Fridays 16:00 – 18:00 DRR, Main Arts
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6. Work organisations & Management – Lecture 1, Part 1

Work organisations &
Management – Lecture 1, Part 1
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7. Learning outcomes

• Define the term ‘organisational behaviour’.
• Explain work organisations, their basic characteristics and their
connections to the wider social context.
• Appreciate the meanings and complexities of ‘management’ and
‘organisation’.
• Describe the multidisciplinary contribution to OB.
• Demonstrate an understanding of why behaviour may vary due to an
organisation’s structure, strategy , technology, environment.
• Identify key changes occurring in the world and the effects on
organisational behaviour.
• Understand an integrated framework for analysing organisational
behaviour.
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

8. What is organisational behaviour (OB)?

‘The systematic study of formal organisations and of what
people think, feel and do in and around organisations.’
• Complex active processes in which people participate
formally and informally in ways shaped by organisational
roles and power
• Embedded in the wider social, cultural and institutional
fabric of society
• Derived from variety of disciplines
• Includes adverse forms of behaviour (conflict and
resistance)
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

9. What are work organisations?

• ‘Social and technical arrangements..in which a number of
people come together in a formalised and contractual
relationship where the actions of some are directed by others
towards the achievement of work tasks carried out in the
organisation’s name’ (Watson, 2012:344).
• Capitalism, as an economic system designed to accumulate profit,
creates distinct forms of work organisations.
• organisations linked to external society in which they are embedded.
• Varies by size, product/service, purpose, ownership and management.

10. Nature of work organisations

Principles of Organisation and
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11. Common factors in work organisations

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12. What is Management?

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13. Managing Work organisations

• Nature of management
– Planning, organizing, directing and controlling
– Management: a function and social group
• The process of management
– ‘What do managers do and why?’
– Rational and politically neutral activity?
– Gender /cross cultural variations (Knights and Willmott, 1986)
• Integrated model of management
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

14. Management Functions

Planning
Select goals and
ways to attain them
Performance
•Attain goals
Resources
•Human
•Financial
•Raw Materials
Organizing
•Products
Assign responsibility for
task accomplishment
•Services
Controlling
Monitor activities and
make corrections
•Technological
•Efficiency
•Effectiveness
•Information
Leading
Use influence to
motivate employees
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15. Integrated Management Model

Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

16. OB is multidisciplinary

• No agreed boundaries or sources
• Uses quantitative and qualitative methods
• Covers variety of disciplines:
o
o
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o
o
o
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Psychology
Sociology
Anthropology
Political Science
Economics
History
Management theory
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

17. Multidisciplinary OB (2)

Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

18. Why Study Organisational Behaviour?

• An applied social science
o Studies people, groups, decision-making, power,
politics, ethics, culture, conflict, etc.
• Practical: predicts, explains and influences
• A requirement for ‘active citizenship’

19.

20. The Influence of Diversity on OB

• Social dynamics of class, gender, race, ethnicity and
disability underpin OB
• Analyze how these factors frame life chances and work
experience.
• Understanding such issues frames behaviour of
individuals/groups in organisations in a wider context.
• Capitalism in itself disabling for some people.
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

21. Discussion

Discuss examples of how you think social issues
like class, gender, race, ethnicity, disability might
influence people’s life chances and work
experiences, opportunities.

22.

The Nature of Work
Lecture 1, Part 2
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

23. Learning outcomes

This lecture will:
• Explain the function and meaning of work.
• Explain the relationship between work and individual
personal and social identity.
• Summarise historical dimensions of work.
• Identify key issues in designing work.
• Discuss debates about emotional labour and work–
life balance.
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

24. What is ‘work’?

• Discuss among yourselves what you think
work is and what its main features are.

25. Work and Non-Work (1)

• Key feature of our identity but ‘What is work?’
‘…physical and mental activity that is carried out to
produce or achieve something of value at a particular
place and time; it involves a degree of obligation and
explicit or implicit instructions, in return for pay or
reward.’
• Central features of work:
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Purpose of work is economic
Work is related to place (or space) and time
Work always involves social relations between people
Work is remunerated and gratifications are of two types: extrinsic (e.g.
wages, bonuses, promotion) and intrinsic (e.g. status, recognition).
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

26. Work and Non-Work (2)

• Standard definition too narrow and simplistic:
– Not all work remunerated (e.g. voluntary work)
– Work involves a psychological contract
– Work subjective – whether experienced as work or leisure
depends on context (e.g. cultural conditions)
– Access to work depends on class, age, gender, race and
disability, and definitions need to account for this
– Rewards, satisfaction and hazards distributed unequally
– Affected by globalization, technological change, and
managerial strategies.
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

27. Development of Work

• Contemporary issues and problems often a result of
past decisions
• Male dominance and social inequality of work predate capitalism
• Historical study problematic:
– Involves compressing and interpreting the past,
which may lead to inaccurate assumptions and
over-simplifications
– Difficult to differentiate between fact and fiction!
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

28. Pre-industrial work

Mid-18th century - importance of agriculture
Rising population
Trade regulated by craft gilds
Putting-out system used for manufacture of woollen
goods, footwear and metalwork.
• Work small-scale and very dependent on variations in
seasons and weather.
• Gender-based work patterns already established.
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

29. Factory-based work

Industrial ‘revolution’ (1780 -1830) - Rise of factory
system : Combination of power technology,
specialized machines and specialized occupations.
Factory-based work
• Characterised by division of labour
• Involved specialization
• Required owners to exercise control over the pace
and quality of work
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

30. Taylorism and Fordism

• ‘Classical’ because:
– Represent early contribution to management theory
– Identify recurring OB ideas and issues
• Taylorism - Frederick W Taylor - superintendent at steel
company in Pennsylvania
• Fordism - Henry Ford applied Taylor’s principles to car
assembly
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

31. Post-Fordism

• Limitations of Taylorism and Fordism.
• Alternative approaches include:
– Human relations movement
– Job enrichment
– Team working
– High performance workplaces
• New forms of Taylorism emerging
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

32. Post-Industrial Work – Knowledge work

• ‘Information revolution’ (1980 on)
• Key feature - emergence of knowledge work

33. Post-Industrial Work – Emotional labour

• Growth of service workforce led to growing interest
in ‘emotional labour’
• Important where customer service is a vital aspect of
business competitiveness.
• What is emotional work?
– Workers required to show emotions to cause
customers/clients to feel/respond appropriately.
– Bought by the employer in exchange for a wage.
– Threatens masculine identity? (Nixon, 2009)
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

34. History of Work clip

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKnSMCjzmco

35. Integrating Ideas

Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

36. Gender and work

• Gender-based patterns of work and inequality
universal in industrial capitalism.
• Partly explained by activities of pre-industrial craft
guilds and trade unions.
• Gender-based patterns of work changed when war
broke out in Europe in 1914
• Realities of the workplace have changed, ideas about
gender roles have lagged behind
Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

37. Managing the work–life balance

Introduction to Work and organisational Behaviour, 3rd edition by John Bratton © Macmillan
Science and Education

38. Summary

• The nature of OB, work organisations and management;
• organisational behaviour may vary due to an organisation’s
structure, strategy, technology, environment;
• OB is a multidisciplinary field of study;
• Dynamics of class, gender, race shape OB;
• Standard definitions of work too narrow;
• Historical changes in the nature and experience of work.
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39. Recommended reading

Bratton, J. (2015) Introduction to Work & organisational Behaviour. Chapters 1-2. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Grint, K. and Nixon, D. (2015) The Sociology of Work. Chapters 1-2. Polity Press.
Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D. (2013) organisational Behaviour, 8th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Chapter 1.
Mullins, L. (2010) Management and Organisational Behaviour, 9th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Chapter 1.
Pugh, D. (1990) organisation Theory, 3rd ed. London: Penguin Books. Other editions available.
Pugh, D. and Hickson, D. (2007) Great Writers on organisations: The Third Omnibus Edition. Gower. Other
editions available.
Thompson, P. (1989) The nature of work: an introduction to debates on the labour process. Basingstoke :
Macmillan.
Thompson, P. and McHugh, D. (2009) Work Organisations, 4th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Chapters 12.
Watson, T. (2012) Sociology, Work and Organisation, 6th ed. London and New York: Routledge. Chapters 1, 4.
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