Steps in the developing of computers

1.

Свалов Руслан
Хабибжонович
КС-320

2.

In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the
possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The potential advantage of
the transistor over the vacuum tube was almost as great as that
of the vacuum tube over the relay. A transistor can switch flows
of electricity as fast as the vacuum tubes used in computers, but
the transistors use much less power than equivalent vacuum
tubes, and are considerably smaller.

3.

Transistors are less expensive and more reliable. They were
mechanically rugged, had practically unlimited life and could
do some jobs better than electronic tubes. Transistors were
made of crystallic solid material called semiconductor.
Transistorized Experimental
computer
With the transistor came the possibility of building
computers with much greater complexity and speed.

4.

The integrated circuit constituted another major step in the
development of computer technology. Until 1959 the
fundamental logical components of digital computers were the
individual electrical switches, first in the form of relays, then
vacuum tubes, then transistors.
In the vacuum tubes and relay stages, additional
discrete components, such as resistors, inductors,
and capacitors were required in order to make
the whole system work.
These components were generally each about
the same size as packaged transistors.

5.

Integrated circuit technology permitted the elimination of
some of these components and integration of most of the
others on the same chip of semiconductor that contains the
transistor. Thus the basic logic element — the switch, or "flipflop', which required two separate transistors and some
resistors and capacitors in the early 1950s, could be packaged
into a single small unit in 1960. The chip was an important
achievement in the accelerating step of computer technology.

6.

In 1974 a company in New Mexico, called Micro
Instrumentation Telemetry System (MITS) developed the
Altair 8800, a personal computer (PC) in a kit. The Altair
had no keyboard, but a panel of switches with which to
enter the information. Its capacity was less than one per
cent that of the 1991 Hewlett-Packard handheld computer.
But the Altair led
to a revolution in computer electronics that continues
today.

7.

Hardware manufacturers soon introduced personal
computers, and software manufacturers began
developing software to allow the computers to process
words, manipulate data, and draw. During the 1980s
computers became progressively smaller, better and
cheaper. Today the personal computer can serve as a
work station for the individual. A wide array of
computer functions are now accessible to people with
no technical background.

8.

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