Articulatory Analysis of English Speech Sounds

1. Articulatory Analysis of English Speech Sounds

Principles of classification of English speech sounds
speech sounds
vowels
consonants
sonorants
noise consonants
/m, n, ŋ, l, w, j, r/
Principles of classification:
1) The presence or absence of obstruction.
2) The distribution of muscular tension.
3) The force of the air stream coming from
the lungs.

2. Principles of classification of English speech sounds

Articulation basis
articulatory habits
characteristic of all the
native speakers of a
language

3. Articulation basis

The main peculiarities of the
English articulation basis
The tongue is broadened,
flattened, the tip is slightly
drawn back from the teeth.
Lips are neutral, slightly spread,
the upper lip is tense.

4. The main peculiarities of the English articulation basis

Phonetic interference
Bilingualism – the practice of
alternate use of two languages by a
person in communication.
Language interference – a process
and a result of interaction and
mutual influence of the language
systems which are in contact.
Phonetic interference – the deviation
from the phonetic norms of the
language.

5. Phonetic interference

Phonetic interference
phonemic
prosodic

6. Phonetic interference

The features of phonemic
interference
the loss of aspiration;
degree of palatalization;
place of articulation (e.g. the use of dental
/t/ or /d/ instead of alveolar ones);
shortening the duration of long vowels;
the pronunciation of English /o, o:, u, u:/
with lip protrusion;
the use of the wrong allophone of the
phoneme (e.g. the dark [ł] instead of the
clear [l]).

7. The features of phonemic interference

Prosodic interference
Prosodic interference involves the use
of wrong prosodic patterns:
The use of falling tones instead of
rising ones.
E.g. Shut the door behind you!
Good bye!
The choice of the wrong pitch, stress
or rhythmic pattern.

8. Prosodic interference

The articulatory classification of English
consonants
Principles:
I. The work of the vocal cords
and the force of exhalation.
II. The active organ of speech and
the place of obstruction.
III.The type of obstruction and the
manner of noise production.
IV. Position of the soft palate.

9. The articulatory classification of English consonants

according to the work of vocal cords and force of
exhalation
Consonants
voiced
“lenis” [̍li:nəs]
voiceless
“fortis” [̍fɔ:tɪs]
Lat. ‘soft, weak’
Lat. ‘strong, energetic’
The English consonants
/h, m, n, ŋ, l, w, j, r/
do not enter the fortis-lenis opposition

10. The articulatory classification of English consonants

11. The articulatory classification of English consonants

(active speech organ)
Consonants
labial
lingual
pharyngeal
(glottal) /h/
bilabial labiodental
/p,b,m,w/ /f,v/
forelingual medio-lingual back-lingual
/j/
/k,g,ŋ/
apical
cacuminal
/t,d,n,l,s,z/
/r/

12. The articulatory classification of English consonants (active speech organ)

The articulatory classification of English consonants
(place of obstruction)
Consonants:
dental or interdental /θ,ð/
alveolar /t,d,n,l,s,z/
post-alveolar /r/
Palatal /j/
palatal-alveolar /∫,ʒ,t∫,dʒ/
Velar /k,g,ŋ/

13. The articulatory classification of English consonants (place of obstruction)

The articulatory classification of English consonants
Types of obstruction:
• complete closure (occlusion)
• incomplete closure (constriction)
• closure immediately followed
by constriction (occlusionconstriction)

14. The articulatory classification of English consonants

(type of obstruction and manner of noise production)
Consonants
occlusives
constrictives
stops
nasal
(plosives) sonorants
/p,b,t,d,k,g/ /m,n,ŋ/
fricatives
occlusiveconstrictives
(affricates)
/t∫,dʒ/
oral sonorants
unicentral bicentral medial
lateral
/∫,ʒ/
/l/
/f,v,s,z,θ,ð,h/
/j,r,w/

15. The articulatory classification of English consonants (type of obstruction and manner of noise production)

The articulatory classification of English consonants
(position of the soft palate)
Consonants
oral
/p,b,t,d,k,g,f,v,∫,ʒ,
s,z,θ,ð,t∫,dʒ,w,l,r,j/
nasal
/m,n,ŋ/

16. The articulatory classification of English consonants (position of the soft palate)

Vowels

17. Vowels

The articulatory classification of English vowels
The System of Cardinal Vowels by Daniel Jones
Front Vowels
№1I
№2
e
№3
№4
ε
a
Back Vowels
u № 8 close
o
№ 7 half-close
ɔ
№ 6 half-open
α
№5
open

18. The articulatory classification of English vowels

This system is an international
standard which contains all the vowel
types existing in different languages
of the world. Jones’ system of
cardinal vowels may be called vocalic
Esperanto.
Its practical application is limited
nowadays only to purely linguistic
work.

19. The articulatory classification of English vowels

Principles:
I. Position of the lips
II. Position of the tongue
III.Degree of tenseness and the
character of the end of a vowel
IV. Length
V. Stability of articulation

20. The articulatory classification of English vowels

(position of the lips)
Vowels
rounded
/ɒ,ɔ:,u,u:/
unrounded
/i:,i,e,æ,Λ,α:,ə:,ə/

21. The articulatory classification of English vowels (position of the lips)

The articulatory classification of English vowels
(position of the tongue)
Vowels
(according to the horizontal movements of the tongue)
front
central
back
Vowels
(according to the vertical movements of the tongue)
high
mid
low

22. The articulatory classification of English vowels (position of the tongue)

The articulatory classification of English vowels
front
/i:, e, æ/ /eı, εə, aı/
front-retracted /ı/ /ıə/
Vowels
mixed or central /ə, ɜ:/
back-advanced
/ʌ, ʊ, ɑ:/ /ɛʊ, ʊə/
back
/ɒ, ɔ:, u:/ /ɔı/

23. The articulatory classification of English vowels

narrow /i:, u:/
high
(close)
broad /ı, ʊ/
narrow
/e, ɜ:, ɛʊ, ʊə /
mid
(half open)
broad /ə/ /εə/
Vowels
narrow /ʌ, ɔ:/
low
(open)
broad /æ, ɑ:, ɔ, aı, aʊ/

24. The articulatory classification of English vowels

In the close front position we
pronounce /ɪ/

25. In the close front position we pronounce /ɪ/

In the open front position we
pronounce /a/ (unrounded)

26. In the open front position we pronounce /a/ (unrounded)

Back close (rounded) /u:/

27. Back close (rounded) /u:/

The articulatory classification of English vowels
According to the degree of
muscular tension English vowels are
classified into tense and lax.
The English long vowels like /i:/ and
/u:/ are characterized as tense,
because the speech organs that
participate in their formation (the
tongue and the lips) are considerably
tensed.
All the short vowels are characterized
as lax.

28. The articulatory classification of English vowels

According to the character of the end
there are
Checked and free vowels
Checked vowels are those that
must be followed by a consonant in
a stressed syllable, while free
vowels are those that may stand in
a stressed open syllable with no
following consonant.

29. The articulatory classification of English vowels

According to their length English
vowels are subdivided into long and
short.
The vowel length may depend on:
1) The position of a vowel in a word.
In the terminal position a vowel is the
longest, it shortens before a voiced
consonant, it is the shortest before a
voiceless consonant. E.g. /si: - si:d – si:t/

30. The articulatory classification of English vowels

Length
2) Word accent.
The vowel is longer in an accented syllable
that in an unaccented one.
E.g. forecast (noun) /'fɔ:kɑ:st/
forecast (verb) /fɔ:'kɑ:st/
3) The number of syllables in a word.
Similar vowels are shorter in a polysyllabic
word. Thus, /ə:/ in the word verse is
longer that in the word university.

31. The articulatory classification of English vowels Length

4) The character of the syllabic
structure:
open syllable: ‘her’ /hə:/; closed
syllable: ‘earn’ /ə:n/.
5) Sonority (звучность): /i:/ is longer
than /α:/.

32. The articulatory classification of English vowels Length

The articulatory classification of English vowels
According to the stability of
articulation English vowels are
divided into:
1) monophthongs, or simple vowels;
2) diphthongs, or complex vowels;
3) diphthongoids, or diphthongized
vowels.

33. The articulatory classification of English vowels

The quality of a monophthong is
not changed throughout the whole
duration of the vowel.
During the pronunciation of a
diphthong the tongue and the lips
move from one vowel position to
another within the syllable. So, there
are two vowel elements in a
diphthong: the nucleus and the glide.

34. The articulatory classification of English vowels

All English diphthongs are falling
(nucleus+glide). A falling diphthong
begins with the nucleus, its stronger
and longer element, and ends in a
glide, which is weak and short.
A rising diphthong begins with a
glide and ends in a nucleus
(glide+nucleus). Such diphthongs
are common in Italian, Spanish, etc.

35. The articulatory classification of English vowels

A diphthongoid is a vowel sound
intermediate (промежуточный) in
character between a monophthong
and a diphthong. The elements of a
diphthongoid are close to each other:
/i:/, /u:/

36. The articulatory classification of English vowels

The physical properties of speech sounds
Frequency – the number of vibrations
per second.
Intensity – variations in the loudness
of the sound.
Duration – the quantity of time during
which the same vibratory motion is
produced.

37. The physical properties of speech sounds

What differ vowels from
consonants?

38. What differ vowels from consonants?

What consonant pair is this?

39. What consonant pair is this?

And this?

40. And this?

What is the difference between
the two slides?

41.

What is the difference between
the two slides?

42.

What fricative pair is this?

43. What fricative pair is this?

Name the fricatives