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Classification of phonemes. Lecture 2-
1. Lecture 2 ”Classification of phonemes”
2. Lecture 2 “Classification of phonemes”
Articulatory and physiological mechanisms of speechsounds
2) The meaning of the phoneme
3) Classification of the phonemes
1)
3. 1. Articulatory and physiological mechanisms of speech sounds
What cannot be speechformed without from
physiological viewpoint?
4. 4 basic speech mechanisms
Power M.Vibrator M.
Resonator M.
Obstructer M.
5. Power mechanism
Can you name?1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6. Power mechanism
Can you name?1
1) Diaphragm
2
[‘daiәfǣm]
3
42) Bronchi [ˈbrɒŋkaɪ]
3) Windpipe
5
6
4) Glottis
7
5) Larynx
6) Mouth cavity
7) Nasal cavity
7. Vibrator mechanism
Consists of vocal cordsWhat are the vocal cords?
Vocal cords are two horizontal folds
of elastic tissue (Leontieva)
8. What is the average cord vibration per second for the man and women?
a) 130 – man, 230- womanb) 230-man, 130- woman
c) 250-man, 150- woman
d) 150-man, 250-woman
9. What is the average cord vibration per second for the man and women?
a) 130 – man, 230- womanb) 230-man, 130- woman
c) 250-man, 150- woman
d) 150-man, 250-woman
10. Resonator mechanism
consists of:the pharynx,
the larynx,
the mouth cavity
the nasal cavity.
11. Resonator mechanism
12. Obstructer mechanism
consists of the tongue (blade with thetip, front, back):
the lips,
the teeth,
the soft palate with the uvula,
the hard palate,
the alveolar ridge.
13. Obstructer mechanism
Match, please:-Blade with the tip of the
tongue
-Back of the tongue/dorsum
-front of the tongue
-lips
-teeth
-uvula
-soft palate
-hard palate
-alveolar ridge
14. Obstructer mechanism
Match, please:-Blade with the tip of the
tongue
-Back of the tongue/dorsum
-front of the tongue
-lips
-teeth
-uvula
-soft palate
-hard palate
-alveolar ridge
15. 2. The meaning of the phoneme
Phoneme is …16. Classical definition of the phoneme (V.A. Vassilyev)
17.
18.
19. 3 articulatory criteria:
Articulatory differences between vowels,consonants and sonorants depend on the 3
articulatory criteria:
1. the presence or absence of an articulatory
obstruction to the air stream in the larynx;
2. the concentrated or diffused character of
muscular tension;
3. the force of exhalation.
20. 3. Classification of phonemes
VowelsConsonants
Sonorants
21. Consonant
sounds in the production of whicha) there is an articulatory obstruction to
the air stream (complete or incomplete),
b) muscular tension is concentrated in
the place of obstruction;
c) the exhaling force is rather strong.
22. Vowels
sounds in the production of whicha) there is no articulatory obstruction to the
air stream;
b) muscular tension is concentrated more or
less evenly throughout the supra-glottal part
of the speech apparatus;
c) the exhaling force is rather weak
23. Sonorants
sounds intermediate between noise consonants and vowelsbecause they have features common to both.
There is an obstruction, but not narrow enough to produce
noise. Muscular tension is concentrated in the place of
obstruction, but the exhaling force is rather weak.
English sonorants are [m, n, ŋ, l, w, r, j].
24. Articulatory and physiological classification
Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonantsaccording to the following pronounles:
I. Work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.
II. Active organ of speech and the place of obstructor.
III. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction with the
following subdivisions:
(1) voice or noise prevalence
(2) number of noise producing foci
(3) shape of the narrowing
IV. Position of the soft palate
25. Classification of consonants
III. From the point of view of the closure consonants may beof
(1) occlusive when complete closure is made (p, b, t, d, k, g,
m, ŋ);
(2) constrictive, when the closure is incomplete (f, r, θ, w, l,
r);
(3) occlusive-constrictive or affricates, when the combination
of 2 closures takes place [t∫, d ];
(4) rolled-intermittent closure – Russian p. Some phonetic
include in the 3rd group lateral, nasals and semivowels.
26. Classification of consonants
IV. – Oral-soft palate is raised and the air passes through thelarynx and month cavity
- Nasal consonants – soft palate is lowered and the air passes
through the nasal cavity [m, n, ŋ]
27. I. Consonant are subdivided into
- voiced – vocal cords are drawn together and vibrate- voiceless – vocal cords are apart and don’t vibrate
Voiced consonants are also called “fortis” (Latin) – the force of
exhalation is greater and “lenis” – soft, when the force of exhalating is
weaker.
II. Consonant are classified into:
- labial – bilabial and labio-dental
- lingual – a) forelingual – dorsal, , θ, apiсal, cacuminal
b) medio-lingual
c) backlingual
- pharyngal or glottal – h
28.
Classification of Consonants29. Articulatory and physiological classification of English vowels
30. Classification of vowels
I. According to the stability ofarticulation all English vowels are
divided into 3 groups:
1. Pure vowels or monophthongs (12)
2. Diphthongs (8)
3. Diphthongoids (2)
31. Monophthongs
Monophthongs are vowels thearticulation of which is almost
unchanging. The quality of such
vowels is relatively pure.
The English monophthongs are [i, e,
æ, ɑ:, ɒ, ɔ:, ʌ, ɜ:, ə, ʊ].
32. Diphthongs
In the pronunciation of diphthongs theorgans of speech glide from one vowel
position to another within one syllable. The
starting point, the nucleus, is strong and
distinct. The glide which shows the
direction of the quality change is weak.
The English diphthongs are [ei, ai, ɔi, aʊ, iə,
ɛə, ʊə].
33. Diphthongoids
In the pronunciation of diphthongoids thearticulation is slightly changing but the difference
between the starting point and the end is not
distinct as it is in the case of diphthongs. English
diphthongoids are [i:, u:].
In Russian the initial [o] may serve as an example
of a Russian diphthongoid in the word “очень”.
34. According to the tongue position English vowels may be:
1. Front vowels: [i:, e, æ] – the tongue is in thefront part of the mouth and the front part of it is
raised to the hard palate.
2. Front-retracted vowels: [i] – the tongue is in
the front part of the mouth and is slightly retracted
and the part of the tongue is nearer to front is
raised.
3. Central vowel: [ʌ, ɜ:, ə,]
4. Back vowels: [ɑ:, ɒ, ɔ:, u:]
5. Back-advanced vowels: [ʊ]
35. Classification based on different height towards the roof of the mouth
(close, mid, open vowels).broad and narrow variants of close, mid and open vowels.
There are:
36. III. Classification of vowels according to the lip position :
1. Unrounded vowels [i:, i, e, æ, ɑ:, ʌ,ɜ:, ə ] – the lips are neutral or spread.
2. Rounded vowels [ɒ, ɔ:, ʊ, u:] - lips
are protruded.
37. IV. Classification according to the vowel end
The quality of all monophthongs in the stressed position is stronglyaffected by the following consonant of the same syllable. According
to the character of vowel end the vowels may be:
1. Checked (better, cart) – a stressed vowel is followed by a strong
voiceless consonant and a vowel is cut off by it.
2. Free (before, money,begger, bead) – a vowel is followed by a
weak consonant or by no consonant and the end of it is weak. Such
vowels are in closed syllables ending in a voiced consonant or in an
open syllable.
38. V. Classification according to the length
the vowels may be:1. Long [i; ɑ:, ɔ:, u:, ɜ:]
2. Short [i, e, ɒ , ʊ, ʌ, ə]