Introduction to computer systems. Architecture of computer systems

1.

Introduction to computer systems.
Architecture of computer systems.

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6. What does memory look like?

Memory ~ RAM
Looks like a table
Address and Data
Address is the location
Data is the actual value
Memory stores both
data and assembly
instructions
Address
0
1
Data
36
3765
2
3
4
786
356
252
5
6
67980
2355
7
8
4234
3466

7. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Also called the “chip” or
“processor”
• The brain of the
computer
• Major components:
– Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• calculator
– Control unit
• controls the calculator
– Communication bus
systems
Control
Unit
Address Bus
Memory
ALU
Data Bus

8. Fetch-Execute Cycle

1. Fetch instruction from
memory
2. Decode instruction in
control unit
3. Execute instruction (data
may be fetched from
memory)
4. Store results if necessary
5. Repeat!
Control
Unit
Address Bus
Memory
ALU
Data Bus

9. Registers

• Temporary storage containers used inside the
CPU
• Extremely fast
• Fixed size, usually multiples of 8-bits
– Also called a “word”
– Example: 32-bit machines (4-byte words)
• How large is a word in a 64-bit machine?

10. Cache

• Slower than registers
• Faster than RAM
• Located in front of main
RAM
• Different levels of cache
• Level1 (L1) and Level2 (L2)
• Size is usually around 1
MB

11. Memory Hierarchy

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13.

RAM chips
Processor socket
Input/output ports

14.

15. Hard Drives

16. CD/DVDs

• Lands and pits used to represent binary
• Optical medium - lasers and refraction
used to read lands and pits

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19.

Find the familiar names of the
keys. The words are arranged
vertically or horizontally.
E
S
C
K
C
O
L
M
U
N
B
A
C
K
S
P
A
C
E
D
S
K
C
O
L
S
P
A
C
E
H
C
H
O
M
E
A
N
T
L
I
T
A
Y
E
N
D
U
A
E
F
R
L
E
N
T
E
R
B
T
T
L
T
I
F
D
B
F
H
E
Q
P
A
G
E
D
O
W
N
H
S
C
R
O
L
L
L
O
C
K
A
W
W
J
P
U
E
G
A
P

20.

Lines connecting the name of the
device and the name of the action
performed by them.
Outputs
information
Hard Driver
Microphone
Plotter
Monitor
CPU
Mouse
Keeps
information
Joystick
Printer
Inputs
information
Monitor
Speakers
Keyboard
Scanner
Web-cam
Process
information
CD

21.

What does it mean "personal computer"?
What is the "basic configuration of the PC?“
What types of monitors you know?
What is the monitor extension?
What types of mouse you know?
What is the difference opto-mechanical and optical mouse?
What types of printer you know?
What other input device to the computer you know?