English grammar

1.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

2.

.
1 Большинство существительных образует мн.ч. путем добавления окончания -s
Book-books, bag-bags, dog-dogs
2. Если существительное заканчивается на s, x, ss, ch, sh, o во мн.ч добавляем окончание -es.
Bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches, potato-potatoes
3. a) К существительным, заканчивающимся на гласную + y, добавляем окончание s:
boy – boys, way - ways
b) У существительных, заканчивающихся на согласную + y убирем y и добавляем ies:
baby – babies, lorry – lorries
4. Во мн.ч у существительных, заканчивающихся на f or fe обычно f заменяем на v и
добавляем -es.
Knife-knives, leaf-leaves
5. Исключения:
man-men, woman-women, child-children, goose-geese, toothteeth, foot-feet, person-people, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep,
deer-deer

3.

TO BE
Positive
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
Negative
am
is
are
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
Interrogative
am not (‘m not)
Am
is not (isn’t)
Is
are not (aren’t)
Are
I
He
She
It
We
You
They

4.

TO BE IN THE PAST TENSE
Positive
Negative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
was
were
Interrogative
Was
was not (wasn’t)
were not (weren’t) Were
I
He
She
It
We
You
They

5.

CAN/MUST
Positive
Negative
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
can
must
Interrogative
can’t
Can
Must
mustn’t
I
We
You
They
He
She
It

6.

PRESENT SIMPLE
Positive
Negative
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
+ VERB
+ VERB + s
Interrogative
Do
+ don’t + VERB
+ doesn’t + VERB
Does
I
We
They + VERB
You
He
She + VERB
It
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual.
The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or
something that often happens.

7.

Present Continuous
Positive
Positive
II
He
He
She
She
It
It
We
We
You
You
They
They
Negative
Negative
am
am
++ VERB+ING
VERB+ING
is
is
++ VERB+ING
VERB+ING
are
are
++ VERB+ING
VERB+ING
II
‘m
‘m not
not
He
He
She
isn’t
She
isn’t
It
It
We
We
You
aren’t
You
aren’t
They
They
Interrogative
Interrogative
++ VERB+ING
VERB+ING Am
Am
II
He
He
++ VERB+ING
She
VERB+ING Is
Is
She
It
It
We
We
++ VERB+ING
VERB+ING Are
Are You
You
They
They
++ VERB+ING
VERB+ING
++ VERB+ING
VERB+ING
++VERB+ING
VERB+ING

8.

NON-ACTION VERBS
ABSTRACT
be, believe, know, need, understand,
remember, think, imagine, forget,
mean, want, exist...
FEELINGS
like, dislike, love, hate, fear, envy,
care...
SENSES
hear, see, feel, smell,
taste, sound, seem, look
BELONGINGS
own, have, belong, possess

9.

Past Simple
Positive
Negative
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
+ VERB II/-ed
Interrogative
+didn’t +VERB I DID
I
He
She
It + VERB I
We
You
They

10.

USED TO
We use 'used to' for something that happened
regularly in the past but no longer happens.
I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn't.
I didn’t use to smoke in the past but now I do.
Did you use to smoke in the past?

11.

Past Continuous
Positive
I
He
She
It
We
You
They
Negative
Interrogative
I
He
was + VERB+ING She wasn’t + VERB+ING Was
It
We
were + VERB+ING You weren’t + VERB+ING Were
They
I
He
She + VERB+ING
It
We
You + VERB+ING
They

12.

Present Perfect
Positive
Negative
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
+ HAVE+VERB III/ed
+ HAS+VERB III/ed
Interrogative
+ HAVEN’T+
VERB III/ed
HAVE
+ HASN’T+
VERB III/ed
HAS
I
We
You +VERB III/ed
They
He
She +VERB III/ed
It

13.

Positive
Negative
Interrogative
I
We
You
They
He
She
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
I
We
HAVE You BEEN+VERB +ing
They
He
HAS She BEEN+VERB +ing
It
It
HAVE+BEEN+VERB +ing
HAS+BEEN+VERB+ing
HAVEN’T+BEEN+VERB +ing
HASN’T+BEEN+VERB+ing
1. We use it to show that something started in the past and
has continued up until now
2. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped and has a visible result

14.

FUTURE SIMPLE
Positive
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
Negative
I
+ SHALL + VERB I We
You
They
+ WILL + VERB I He
She
It
Interrogative
I
+ SHAN’T + VERB I SHALL We
You
They
+ WON’T + VERB I WILL
He
She
It
+ VERB I
+ VERB I

15.

TO BE GOING TO
Positive
Negative
Interrogative
I
am going to+ VERB I
He
She is going to+ VERB I
It
We
You are going to+ VERB I
They
I ‘m not going to+ VERB I Am I going to+ VERB I
He
He
She isn’t going to+ VERB I Is
She going to+ VERB I
It
It
We
We
You aren’t going to+ VERB I Are You going to+ VERB I
They
They

16.

FUTURE TENSES
FUTURE SIMPLE
1. on-the-spot decision
2. predictions without evidence
3. I think (hope, suggest)
maybe, probably, I’m (not) sure
4. promise
5. request
6. offer (Shall we…?)
7. threat
To be going to
1. Plans
2. Predictions with evidence
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT SIMPLE
fixed arrangements
timetable

17.

PAST PERFECT
Positive
I
We
You
They
He
She
It
Negative
I
We
You
+ HAD+VERB III/ed They
He
She
It
Interrogative
I
We
You
+ HADN’T+VERB III/ed HAD They
He
She
It
VERB III/ed

18.

PASSIVE be+verb III/ed
Present Simple: am/is/are + Verb III/-ed
Past Simple: was/were + Verb III/-ed
Future Simple: will be + Verb III/-ed
Be going to: am/is/are + going to be + Verb III/-ed
Present Continuous: am/is/are + being + Verb III/-ed
Past Continuous: was/were + being + Verb III/-ed
Present Perfect: have/has + been + Verb III/-ed
Past Perfect: had + been + Verb III/-ed
Modals: modal verb + be + Verb III/-ed
Infinitive: to be + Verb III/-ed

19.

PRONOUNS
Personal Pronouns
subject form
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
object form
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
Possessive Adjectives and
Pronouns
possessive
possessive
adjective
pronoun
my
mine
your
yours
his
his
her
hers
its
its
our
ours
your
yours
their
theirs
Reflexive
Pronouns
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

20.

CONDITIONALS
• CONDITIONAL ONE
If + Present Simple, Future Simple
• CONDITIONAL TWO
If + Past Simple, would + Verb I
• CONDITIONAL THREE
If + Past Perfect, would + Present Perfect

21.

At
On
In
No preposition
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
times: at 8pm, , at 6:30
holiday periods: at Christmas, at Easter
at night, at midnight, at the weekend, at noon
at lunchtime, at dinnertime, at breakfast time
days: on Monday, on weekdays
days + morning / afternoon / evening / night: on Tuesday morning
dates: on the 20th of June
years: in 1992, in 2006
months: in December, in June
centuries: in the 19th century
seasons: in winter, in summer
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
next week, year, month etc
last night, year etc
this morning, month etc
every day, night, years etc

22.

DEGREES OF COMPARISON
Comparative
Superlative
1-2 syllables
big
early
nice
-er: small-smaller
bigger
earlier
nicer
-est: small-the smallest
the biggest
the earliest
the nicest
3 or more syllables
more beautiful
the most beautiful
(much) smaller than/ (much) more beautiful than
The smallest of all
(not) as small as
Less expensive than

23.

REPORTED SPEECH
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Present Simple
I want to sleep.
Past Simple
She said (that) she wanted to sleep.
Present Continuous
I am eating.
Past Continuous
She said (that) she was eating.
Past Simple
I came home at 5.
Past Perfect
She said (that) she had come home at 5.
Present Perfect
I have found a flat.
Past Perfect
She said (that) she had already found a flat.
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been
Past Perfect Continuous
Can, can’t
Could, couldn’t
Will, won’t
Would, wouldn’t