Phylogenetic disorders of respiratory system

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PHYLOGENETIC DISORDERS OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(MEDICAL BIOLOGY)
VARSHA DODAWAD
LA – 1
194 – A
TEACHER: ANNA ZHUKOVA MAM

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(MEDICAL BIOLOGY)
PHYLOGENETIC DISORDERS OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DISORDERS:
CONGENITAL LARYENGEAL WEB
BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA
MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
LOBAR EMPHYSEMA
SURFECTANT METABOLISM DISORDER
AZYGOS LOBE
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNEA
LARYNGEAL-TRACHEO-OESOPHAGAL CLEFT

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CONGENITAL LARYENGEAL WEB
• A rare malformation consisting of a membrane-like structure that extends across the
laryngeal lumen close to the level of the vocal cords.
• Laryngeal web is a congenital condition where there is failure of resorption of tissue
between the vocal folds, causing varying degrees of airway obstruction. The condition may
present at birth or in infancy with respiratory distress, stridor, and an unusual, weak, or
absent cry. If obstruction is severe, it can be life-threatening and require immediate
tracheotomy after birth. Milder cases may present later in life with hoarseness, stridor,
wheezing, or dyspnea.
• The condition sometimes occurs with associated congenital anomalies of the respiratory
tract or cardiac defects. It can also result from injury due to trauma, intubation, or surgical
procedure. Laryngeal webs may be treated with dissection or laser surgery

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BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a breathing disorder where an infant's
lungs become irritated and do not develop normally. It occurs most often in
low-weight infants born more than two months early. Bronchopulmonary
dysplasia is also known as: Chronic lung disease of premature babies

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MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
• Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) refers to breathing problems that a
newborn baby may have when: There are no other causes, and. The baby has
passed meconium (stool) into the amniotic fluid during labor or delivery.
Rapid or labored breathing.
Retractions, or pulling in of the chest wall.
Grunting sounds with breathing.
Bluish skin color, called cyanosis.

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LOBAR EMPHYSEMA
• Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare respiratory disorder in which air can
enter the lungs but cannot escape, causing overinflation (hyperinflation) of
the lobes of the lung. It is most often detected in newborns or young infants,
but some cases do not become apparent until adulthood

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SURFECTANT METABOLISM DISORDER
• Surfactant dysfunction is a lung disorder that causes breathing problems. This condition
results from abnormalities in the composition or function of surfactant, a mixture of certain
fats (called phospholipids) and proteins that lines the lung tissue and makes breathing easy.
Without normal surfactant, the tissue surrounding the air sacs in the lungs (the alveoli) sticks
together (because of a force called surface tension) after exhalation, causing the alveoli to
collapse. As a result, filling the lungs with air on each breath becomes very difficult, and the
delivery of oxygen to the body is impaired.

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AZYGOS LOBE
• An azygos lobe is created when a laterally displaced azygos vein creates a
deep pleural fissure into the apical segment of the right upper lobe during
embryological development. It is a normal anatomic variant of the right
upper lobe due to the invagination of the azygos vein and pleura during
development in the fetus.

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CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC
HERNEA
• Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) occurs when the diaphragm, the
muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen, fails to close during
prenatal development. This opening allows contents of the abdomen
(stomach, intestines and/or liver) to migrate into the chest, impacting the
growth and development of the lungs.

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LARYNGEAL-TRACHEO-OESOPHAGAL
CLEFT
• Laryngotracheal cleft (LTC) is a rare congenital defect in which there is a gap between the
upper airway passage (larynx and possibly trachea) and the food passage (esophagus). In
normal development, the airway and esophagus come from a common tube called the
foregut. Early in embryologic development, the airway separates from the esophagus with
the formation of the tracheoesophageal septum.

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